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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (P)
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What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in primary care?
*
Obstructive uropathy
Dehydration and hypovolaemia
Glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Which laboratory marker is most commonly used to identify AKI?
*
ALT
Urea
Creatinine
CRP
Which of the following is a post-renal cause of AKI?
*
Hypovolaemia
Bladder outlet obstruction
NSAID use
Heart failure
What is the preferred site for assessing fluid status clinically?
*
JVP and peripheral oedema
Sacral oedema
Wrist pulse
Anterior chest
According to NICE, how is stage 1 AKI defined?
*
Creatinine rise ≥26 micromol/L in 48 hours
Creatinine rise >3 times baseline
Urine output <0.3 mL/kg/hr for 24 hours •
Potassium >6.5 mmol/L
Which of the following is NOT an indication for urgent hospital admission in AKI?
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Creatinine rise with vomiting
Suspected obstruction
Hyperkalaemia
Mild headache
Which symptom should raise suspicion of AKI in the community?
*
Weight gain
Polyuria
Reduced urine output
Jaundice
Which electrolyte abnormality is most urgent in AKI?
*
Hyponatraemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypocalcaemia
What is the first-line investigation for suspected urinary obstruction causing AKI?
*
CT abdomen
MRI pelvis
Kidney biopsy
Bladder ultrasound
Which combination of medications increases AKI risk ('triple whammy')?
*
Statin, aspirin, amlodipine
NSAID, ACE inhibitor, diuretic
Beta blocker, nitrate, warfarin
Metformin, insulin, digoxin
What is a common urinalysis finding in AKI due to glomerulonephritis?
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Nitrites
Red cell casts
Bilirubin
Ketones
In AKI, which sign may indicate fluid overload?
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Dry mucous membranes
Tachycardia
Raised JVP and basal crepitations
Postural hypotension
What is the most appropriate initial step if AKI is suspected in a community setting?
*
Stop nephrotoxic drugs and assess fluid status
Refer for dialysis
Start loop diuretics
Prescribe antibiotics
Which of the following drugs is NOT typically nephrotoxic?
*
Ciclosporin
Amoxicillin
NSAIDs
Gentamicin
How is oliguria defined in the context of AKI?
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<100 mL/day
<200 mL/day
<400 mL/day
<1 L/day
Which patients are at highest risk of developing AKI?
*
Athletes
Pregnant women
Young adults with no comorbidities
Elderly with diabetes and heart failure
Which test can help distinguish between prerenal and intrinsic AKI?
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Urinalysis only
Serum amylase
Renal ultrasound
Urine sodium and osmolality
What is the target blood pressure in a patient recovering from AKI?
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<160/100 mmHg
<150/90 mmHg
<140/90 mmHg
Any BP above 100 systolic
Which blood test is used to monitor for anaemia in prolonged AKI?
*
CRP
FBC
Clotting screen
Ferritin
Which medication is commonly associated with AKI due to altered renal perfusion?
*
Paracetamol
Antacids
Amlodipine
ACE inhibitors