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NMP Question Set 11 (Pharmacology)
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1. Which term describes the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to reduce by half?
*
Bioavailability
Half-life
Clearance
Volume of distribution
2. What is a prodrug?
*
A drug that is active upon administration
A compound that becomes active after metabolic conversion
A drug with a long half-life
A drug that is excreted unchanged
3. Which process primarily occurs in the liver and transforms drugs into more water-soluble compounds?
*
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
4. What does bioavailability refer to?
*
The rate at which a drug is excreted
The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation
The speed of drug metabolism
The drug's half-life
5. Which route of administration consistently by-passes the first-pass effect?
*
Oral
Sublingual
Rectal
Intramuscular
6. What is the volume of distribution (Vd)?
*
The rate of drug elimination
The extent to which a drug binds to plasma proteins
A theoretical volume indicating drug distribution in the body
The amount of drug excreted unchanged
7. Which statement best defines clearance in pharmacokinetics?
*
The time it takes for a drug to reach peak concentration
The volume of plasma from which a drug is completely removed per unit time
The fraction of drug absorbed into systemic circulation
The rate of drug distribution to tissues
8. What is the therapeutic index (TI)?
*
Ratio of a drug's toxic dose to its effective dose
Time between drug administration and onset of action
Measure of drug absorption rate
Indicator of drug's plasma protein binding
9. Which term describes the maximum effect a drug can produce?
*
Potency
Efficacy
Affinity
Bioavailability
10. What does a low therapeutic index indicate?
*
Wide margin of safety
Narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic doses
High bioavailability
Rapid onset of action
11. Which factor can increase the half-life of a drug?
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Enhanced renal clearance
Liver enzyme induction
Renal impairment
Increased plasma protein binding
12. What is the primary site for drug metabolism?
*
Kidney
Liver
Lungs
Stomach
13. Which process describes the movement of a drug from systemic circulation to tissues?
*
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
14. What is the main route of excretion for most drugs?
*
Biliary system
Lungs
Kidneys
Sweat glands
15. Which term refers to the proportion of a drug that is bound to plasma proteins?
*
Bioavailability
Protein binding
Volume of distribution
Clearance
16. What effect does a competitive antagonist have on an agonist's dose-response curve?
*
Shifts it to the right without changing the maximum response
Shifts it to the left and increases the maximum response
Decreases the slope of the curve
Eliminates the response entirely
17. Which phase of drug metabolism involves conjugation reactions?
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Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
18. What is the primary goal of drug metabolism?
*
Increase drug potency
Convert drugs into more lipid-soluble forms
Facilitate drug excretion by making them more water-soluble
Enhance drug absorption
19. Which factor does NOT affect drug absorption?
*
Gastric pH
Blood flow to the absorption site
Drug's lipid solubility
Drug's colour
20. What is the significance of first-pass metabolism?
*
It increases the bioavailability of orally administered drugs
It reduces the concentration of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation
It enhances drug absorption in the intestines
It prolongs the drug's half-life